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The clinical probation of medical students in the clinics of gynecology and obstetrics is significant. However, because of the disease involving in female genital system, clinical clerkship teaching in obstetrics and gynecology faces actual problems such as poor cases, low cooperation of the patients and the risk of offending the privacy of patients. During the period of clinical novitiate, two or three teaching clinics were established by experienced clinical teachers, and the patients for the teach-ing were recruited by a series of incentives, such as exempt registration fee, prior doctors' office visit-ing, preferential examine, appointing well-known experts and advanced hospital admission and so on. And the teaching was preceded after the patients' informed consents. As results, the cooperation of the patients was obviously improved, and case selection was made easy, and the outpatient clinic probation teaching level of obstetrics and gynecologyn was raised.
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Objective To assess roles of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and plateletderived growth factor(PDGF)in the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.Methods (1)Expression of Proxl,a newly described lymphatic endothelial cell nucleus marker,VEGF-A,VEGF-C,VEGF-D and PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,PDGF-D were detected bv RT-PCR in SKOV3 cell line and in 90 ovarian tissue samples,included 15 benigh tumors 10 borderline tumors, 45 malignant tumors and 20 normal ovarian samples.(2)Expression levels of Proxl,VEGF-A,-C,-D and PDGF-A,-B,-C,-D were detected in 90 ovarian tissue sample mentioned above by real-time quantitative PCR(RTQPCR).Resuls (1)Proxl was expressed in ovarian samples mentioned above,while not detected in SKOV3 cell. VEGF-A,-C,-D and PDGF-A,-B,-C,-D were found in SKOV3 cell and various ovarian tissues.(2)Expression levels of Proxl(2.2±1.3,P＜0.01),VEGF-A(3.5±1.5,P＜0.01),VEGF-C(19±14.P＜0.01),VEGF-D(3.0±1.8,P＜0.01)and PDGF-A(3.3±3.3,P＜0.05),PDGF-C(6.9±4.6,P＜0.01)in malignant group were found to be significantly higher than those in borderline group and benign group.(3)The expression levels of Proxl,VEGF-A and PDGF-A were significantly greater in samples from the patients with lymph node metastasis(Proxl:3.0±1.4,VEGF-A:4.1± 1.7,PDGF-A:4.9±4.1),peritoneum metastasis(Proxl:2.8±0.9,VEGF-A:4.0±1. 8,PDGF-A:4.5±4.0)and in stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ(Proxl:2.6±1.3,VEGF-A:4.0±1.4,PDGF-A:4.1±3.7)than those without lymph node metastasis,without peritoneum metastasis and in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ.There was a significant increased in the degree of VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in positive lymph node metastasis group(VEGF-C:24±13,VEGF-D:3.9±2.0)compared with negative group(P＜0.05).(4)There were significant positive correlations between the expression levels of Proxl and VEGF-D(r=0.62,P＜0.01),PDGF-C(r=0.91,P＜0.01)or PDGF-D(r=0.61.P＜0.01).Conclusions VEGF-A,VEGF-C and PDGF-A may promote lymphatic metastasis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma though else mechanisms other than lymphangiogenesis.VEGF-D may facilitate lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer.There is no significant correlation between the expression of PDGF-B and lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis.PCGF-C and PDGF-D may motivate lymphangiogenesis,but could not participate in lymph node metastasis in ovarian carcinoma.
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AIM: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine the concentration of valsartan in human plasma. METHODS: Using lrbesartan as internal standard, valsartan in plasma samples was determined by HPLC with liquid-liquid extraction, achieved by the column of Agilent ZORBAXSB-C_ 18( 150 mm? 4.6 mm, 5 ?m) at room temperature. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture acetonitrile : water : phosphoric acid : triethylamine was the ratio of 4060 1.0 1.5 (v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml?min~ -1, the wavelengths of fluorimetric excitation and emission were set at 265 and 378 nm respectively. RESULTS: The drug-free plasma did not interfere with the determination of drugs and internal standard. There was good linear relationships (1/C~2 weighted) between peak area ratio of valsartan to internal standard and C (r= 0.9996) within the range of 25-2 500 ng?ml~ -1. The precision of within-day and between-day was good. The lower limit of quantification was 25 ng?ml~ -1. The analytes reconstituted in the mobile phase were also stable at ambient conditions for at least 24 h. Furthermore, valsartan was stable for at least three freeze thaw cycles. CONCLUSION: The HPLC method can be used to determine the concentration of valsartan in human plasma.